**Supervised by** Pascal da Costa (Université Paris Saclay, CentraleSupélec), Frédéric Ghersi (CIRED, CNRS), and Mehdi Senouci (Université Paris Saclay, CentraleSupélec) **Defence committee** Philippe Aghion, Collège de France & LSE, Mireille Chiroleu-Assouline, Paris School of Economics (reviewer),
Carolyn Fischer, World Bank and Vrije University (reviewer),
Claire Lelarge, Université Paris-Saclay (president),
Thomas Sterner, University of Gothenburg
Current growth theories do not allow for the study of the bias of technical change and the evolution of factor shares —- at aggregate nor sectoral level — without strong assumptions on the elasticity of substitution between capital and labour. We present a growth accounting framework that disentangles the different factor-saving directions of technical change and factor substitution. We build the framework for two primary factors, capital and labour. We represent technical change as the shift of a Leontief production function to a new function which is the convex hull of two shifts of this Leontief production function, one purely labour-saving, the other purely capital-saving. We apply this framework to industry-level data to answer the following questions. What has been the bias of technical change? Does an increase in the price of one factor spurs specific factor-saving innovation? Can we forecast the evolution of factor shares? We find that most industries are capital-biased but with a growing trend of labour-saving technical change. In some industries, we find significant evidence of labour-saving technical change induced by the cost of labour. The framework is validated by better forecasting the evolution of the factors shares than CES, Cobb-Douglas and Leontief functions.
The distributional consequences of environmental policies are a major issue for the public acceptability of energy transitions, as the Yellow-vest demonstrations highlighted. Our objective is to assess the short and mid-term distributional impacts of policy packages on firms and households – rather than of single policy instruments - including carbon taxing, technology adoption subsidies and compensating lump-sum transfers. Press coverage [Le Monde](https://emilienravigne.netlify.app/files/2022_04_06_LeMonde.pdf),
[Alternatives Economiques](https://emilienravigne.netlify.app/files/2022-05_04_Alternatives_Economiques.pdf)
Recycling the revenues of a carbon tax can mitigate the distributional impacts and lowers the burden on the lowest income deciles. However, a lump-sum rebate to households induces consumption, hence emissions. In this paper, we study the existence of a backfire effect where emissions increase above the pre-tax level because of the recycling of carbon tax revenues.
Press coverage [Les Echos](https://emilienravigne.netlify.app/files/2022_07_06_Les_Echos.pdf)
This paper is a micro-simulation of the adoption of compressed natural gas in heavy-duty vehicles based on real French data on industrial flows in 2018 from the automotive manufacturer Renault. We show that bio-sourced natural gas can be cost-effective for heavy-duty trucks and that detours to reach refuelling stations are key parameters for emissions. That is why fossil natural gas trucks emit more than diesel trucks in real conditions due to low-density of refuelling network.
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